83,068 people live in Apple Valley, where the median age is 35.6 and the average individual income is $30,677. Data provided by the U.S. Census Bureau.
Total Population
Median Age
Population Density Population Density This is the number of people per square mile in a neighborhood.
Average individual Income
There's plenty to do around Apple Valley, including shopping, dining, nightlife, parks, and more. Data provided by Walk Score and Yelp.
Explore popular things to do in the area, including Parties Galoree, Brighteyez Bakery, and Chevron.
| Name | Category | Distance | Reviews |
Ratings by
Yelp
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dining | 0.64 miles | 0 reviews | 0/5 stars | |
| Dining | 1.89 miles | 0 reviews | 0/5 stars | |
| Dining | 2.55 miles | 8 reviews | 3.6/5 stars | |
| Dining | 2.65 miles | 22 reviews | 4.9/5 stars | |
| Dining | 2.65 miles | 24 reviews | 4.7/5 stars | |
| Dining | 2.71 miles | 4 reviews | 4/5 stars | |
| Dining · $$ | 2.83 miles | 91 reviews | 3.2/5 stars | |
| Shopping | 2.53 miles | 5 reviews | 5/5 stars | |
| Active | 0.81 miles | 0 reviews | 0/5 stars | |
| Active | 1.62 miles | 3 reviews | 2/5 stars | |
| Active | 1.8 miles | 7 reviews | 5/5 stars | |
| Active | 1.84 miles | 0 reviews | 0/5 stars | |
| Active | 1.97 miles | 3 reviews | 5/5 stars | |
| Active | 2.12 miles | 1 review | 5/5 stars | |
| Active | 2.55 miles | 0 reviews | 0/5 stars | |
| Active | 2.69 miles | 7 reviews | 3.3/5 stars | |
| Active | 2.71 miles | 0 reviews | 0/5 stars | |
| Nightlife | 2.52 miles | 4 reviews | 3.8/5 stars | |
| Nightlife | 2.83 miles | 31 reviews | 3.7/5 stars | |
| Beauty | 2.44 miles | 23 reviews | 4.1/5 stars | |
| Beauty | 2.51 miles | 2 reviews | 5/5 stars | |
| Beauty | 2.52 miles | 0 reviews | 0/5 stars | |
| Beauty | 2.64 miles | 27 reviews | 4.2/5 stars | |
| Beauty | 2.82 miles | 1 review | 5/5 stars | |
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Apple Valley has 27,341 households, with an average household size of 3.02. Data provided by the U.S. Census Bureau. Here’s what the people living in Apple Valley do for work — and how long it takes them to get there. Data provided by the U.S. Census Bureau. 83,068 people call Apple Valley home. The population density is 316 and the largest age group is Data provided by the U.S. Census Bureau.
Total Population
Population Density Population Density This is the number of people per square mile in a neighborhood.
Median Age
Men vs Women
Population by Age Group
0-9 Years
10-17 Years
18-24 Years
25-64 Years
65-74 Years
75+ Years
Education Level
Total Households
Average Household Size
Average individual Income
Households with Children
With Children:
Without Children:
Marital Status
Blue vs White Collar Workers
Blue Collar:
White Collar:
Apple Valley is a town, not a city, and the distinction is written into its lots. The base single-family zone requires 18,000 square feet, about four tenths of an acre, and the estate and rural zones start at three quarters of an acre and run to five. That is why a buyer coming up from the Inland Empire sees ranch homes with horse setups, RV pads and open sky where a Fontana or Rancho Cucamonga budget would buy a tract lot with a shared wall on each side.
The direct answer on the market: Apple Valley's median home sale price was $434,712 for the three months ending August 2026, up 2.3 percent from a year earlier, with 272 homes sold in August and a median 52 days on market, according to Redfin's Apple Valley report. The town sits well below the San Bernardino County single-family median for the same month, but above neighboring Adelanto, and the spread inside the town runs from 1980s tract homes to gated 55-plus communities and acreage.
This guide covers the incorporated Town of Apple Valley, 77.01 square miles of land per the Census TIGERweb boundary, not the postal area. Spring Valley Lake, west of the town, is an unincorporated community served by a different high school district, and Bell Mountain to the north is unincorporated as well. For the regional picture, start with the Inland Empire guide; for the neighbor across US-395, see the Adelanto guide. Every number below states its period and source.
Homes on the rocky hills of Apple Valley, photographed from the road by Andre Corboz. Hillside parcels like these sit beside the town's flatter tract neighborhoods.
01 / The directory
Apple Valley organizes itself by zoning and by the names its schools, parks and associations carry, more than by marketed villages. The groups below use names that appear in town, district or community documents. They are orientation for a search, not attendance zones, association boundaries or a promise that every home in an area shares the same rules.
Most of the town's conventional subdivisions date from one decade. The town's 2021-2029 Housing Element draft reports, from the 2014-2018 American Community Survey, that 16,509 of 26,119 housing units (63.2 percent) were built before 1990 and that 9,550 (36.6 percent) were built in the 1980s alone. Streets around Desert Knolls, Rancho Verde, Rio Vista, Sandia and Yucca Loma, the names of the district's elementary schools, are where much of that stock sits, generally on the 18,000-square-foot lots the base zone requires.
A thirty-to-forty-year-old house has a predictable inspection list: roof age, HVAC, water heater, galvanized or original plumbing, windows and any additions. Ask whether the parcel is on the regional sewer or a septic system, because the Housing Element states that sewer service is not available throughout the town and that some parcels in the central part of town are not connected. A lot that size also invites use questions: confirm what the zoning allows for animals, second units and vehicle storage before you pay for the possibility.
Outside the tracts, the Development Code sets larger minimums. A third-party summary of the town's development standards lists the Residential Equestrian zone at 18,000 square feet, the Estate Residential zones at three quarters of an acre and one acre, Low Density Residential and Residential Agriculture at two and a half acres, and Very Low Density Residential at five acres. The controlling text is Chapter 9.28 of the municipal code, so verify the zone and its standards for the specific parcel with the town before relying on this summary.
These parcels are the reason people move to Apple Valley on purpose. They are also where a buyer should slow down: unpaved access, private wells or water-company service, septic capacity, flood-zone status along the Mojave River washes, and the condition of barns, arenas and outbuildings all belong in due diligence. An appraiser will treat a permitted workshop differently from an unpermitted one, and a lender may treat an agricultural parcel differently from a residential one.
Two age-restricted communities anchor the south side. Jess Ranch, on Palo Verde Parkway, was developed from 1985 to 2002 with 2,120 residences in attached, condominium and single-family forms, according to 55places, which shows a wide range of association dues drawn from current listings. Sun City Apple Valley, now the Solera at Apple Valley Community Association, is a gated Del Webb community of roughly 1,700 single-family homes built from 2004 to 2018 with the Aspen Clubhouse and Mariposa Lodge beside the Ashwood Golf Course.
These are the town's newest large housing supply and its most rule-bound. Age restrictions, gate access, association dues that vary by section, architectural controls and rental limits all apply, and a buyer under 55 cannot treat them as ordinary inventory. Request the association's current budget, reserve study, CC&Rs and rules before writing an offer, and confirm the age rules for every occupant. Jess Ranch Marketplace on Bear Valley Road puts shopping and a cinema within a short drive.
State Route 18, named Happy Trails Highway through the town, carries the older commercial spine, the Horseman's Center, Lion's Park and the Providence St. Mary Medical Center campus. The town's civic campus at 14955 Dale Evans Parkway, described in the General Plan's public buildings element, holds Town Hall, Civic Center Park, the aquatic center, the police department and the Newton T. Bass Branch Library. Homes near this corridor trade shorter errands for more traffic and commercial neighbors; visit at the hours you would actually be home.
The north end is the town's employment and logistics zone rather than a residential neighborhood. The North Apple Valley Industrial Specific Plan, filed with the state in 2006 for about 4,937 acres bounded by Dale Evans Parkway, Quarry Road, Central Road and Waalew Road per CEQAnet, surrounds the county-run Apple Valley Airport and the planned Brightline West station. A home on the northern edge of the tracts should be evaluated with truck routes, planned warehouses and the station in mind.
Spring Valley Lake is a census-designated place west of the town, and its addresses fall in Victor Valley Union High School District, not Apple Valley Unified, according to the community's Wikipedia article. Bell Mountain to the north is unincorporated too. A listing with an Apple Valley mailing address may sit outside the town, which changes the schools, the local ordinances and who answers a code question. Check the parcel against the boundary shown on this page's map.
A backyard pool, desert landscaping and the snow-covered San Bernardino Mountains from an Apple Valley home, photographed by Horst Weiner in 2014.
02 / Prices
Apple Valley prices move with the Victor Valley and with the size of the lot under the house. In Redfin's Apple Valley report for the three months ending August 2026, the median sale price was $434,712 (up 2.3 percent from a year earlier), the median price per square foot was $236 (up 0.4 percent), and the report describes homes selling at around list price after a median 52 days. The figures are calculated from MLS and public-record data for all home types and refresh monthly, so recheck them before they anchor an offer.
For scale, the California Association of Realtors reported a San Bernardino County median of $522,370 for existing single-family homes in August 2026, up 4.2 percent from August 2025, in its county sales activity table. The county figure covers detached homes only and uses a different method, so treat the comparison as a level check, not an index. The takeaway is that Apple Valley buys more land per dollar than the county as a whole, while asking a longer drive of anyone who works down the hill.
The stock is mostly detached and mostly mature. Of the town's 27,614 housing units on January 1, 2026, 21,344 (77.3 percent) are single-family detached, 1,380 are mobile homes, and the vacancy rate is 4.5 percent, per the Department of Finance E-5 estimates. Population is flat: the Department of Finance E-1 table puts the town at 75,236 residents on January 1, 2026, down 0.53 percent from a year earlier, while housing units rose from 27,485 to 27,614. Demand is therefore driven by turnover and relocation, not by growth.
Two cost items matter more here than in a coastal city. Water is supplied by Liberty Utilities, a private, rate-regulated company, and the town's long effort to take over that system remains unresolved after the California Supreme Court returned the case to the Court of Appeal on August 24, 2026, according to the town's press release. Sewer is a town service that does not reach every parcel. Both belong on the monthly-cost worksheet next to property tax, any special assessments and association dues.
Housing choice | Typical Apple Valley stock | Recurring costs to verify | Documents to review |
|---|---|---|---|
1980s tract home on an 18,000 sq ft lot | Three or four bedrooms, two-car garage, block-wall yard, often RV access | Base property tax plus any direct assessments; Liberty Utilities water; sewer bill or septic maintenance | Current county tax bill, sewer or septic confirmation, roof and HVAC records, permit history for additions |
Estate or equestrian parcel (three quarters of an acre and up) | Ranch home with barns, arenas or workshops on the estate and rural zones | Property tax; water-company or well costs; septic; road maintenance on unpaved access | Zoning confirmation from the town, permits for outbuildings, well log or utility account, flood-zone check, easements |
Gated 55-plus home in Jess Ranch or Solera | Attached or detached resale home, 1985 to 2018, inside a gated association | Property tax; association dues that vary by section; possible special assessments | CC&Rs, rules, budget, reserve study, age-restriction and rental policies, lender approval for the association |
Manufactured home on owned land | Single-wide or double-wide on a fee-simple lot, common on the older grid | Property tax if on a permanent foundation, otherwise registration fees; insurance differences | Title and foundation certification, HCD registration, lender eligibility letter |
Home near the north-end industrial plan or Highway 18 | Any of the above, with warehouses, the airport or commercial frontage nearby | Same as the home type above | Seller disclosures on neighboring uses, the specific plan map, planned projects on adjacent parcels |
The table is a checklist, not a price guide. Special-tax and association obligations are set at the tract or parcel level, and the town's website returns no results for a community facilities district list, so the direct-assessment section of the county tax bill for the specific parcel is the only reliable answer to the Mello-Roos question.
03 / Schools
Apple Valley Unified School District is a unified district, so most town addresses have one district from transitional kindergarten through twelfth grade. The district lists its schools, with addresses and principals, on its schools page, including Desert Knolls, Rancho Verde, Rio Vista, Sandia, Sycamore Rocks and Yucca Loma elementary schools, Mariana, Phoenix, Sitting Bull and Vanguard academies, and two comprehensive high schools: Apple Valley High School at 11837 Navajo Road, established in 1967, and Granite Hills High School at 22900 Esaws Road, opened in 1999 to relieve it. The district office is at 12555 Navajo Road.
Attendance is assigned by address, and the district links a school site locator from its home page for exactly that purpose. Before you write an offer around a particular campus, confirm the assignment for the exact parcel, ask about capacity and transfer windows, and remember that boundaries change. The school cards elsewhere on this page show schools near the town, including some outside it; they are a starting list, not an assignment.
The Academy for Academic Excellence at 17500 Mana Road is a transitional-kindergarten-through-twelfth-grade public charter school first chartered by the district in 1997 and operated by the Lewis Center for Educational Research, which also runs the Goldstone Apple Valley Radio Telescope program with NASA and JPL. Charter admission follows the school's own process rather than a neighborhood boundary.
Two boundary facts separate Apple Valley from its postal area. Spring Valley Lake addresses fall in Victor Valley Union High School District, not Apple Valley Unified. And for college, Victor Valley College in Victorville serves a district that includes Apple Valley, with Bear Valley Road along the campus's southern edge, per the college's Wikipedia article. None of this is a ranking, and no school is assigned by anything but the district's rules.
The statue of Trigger at Sunset Hills Memorial Park, where Roy Rogers and Dale Evans are buried, photographed by Adam Jones in 2012.
04 / Commute
Apple Valley has no freeway inside its limits. Interstate 15 is reached through Victorville, either west on State Route 18 or Bear Valley Road, or across the Yucca Loma Bridge, a 13-span structure about 1,600 feet long over the Mojave River that connects Yucca Loma Road to Yates Road and Green Tree Boulevard, described by its foundation contractor Keller and listed as a completed project in the SCAG 2019 completed-projects report. From I-15 the route south runs through the Cajon Pass to San Bernardino, Ontario and the rest of the Inland Empire.
This guide does not publish drive times. The pass, the weather and where in the town you start change the answer by more than any single number would admit. Drive the route at your real departure hour, both ways, before you commit to an address.
Transit is more developed than in most High Desert towns. Victor Valley Transit Authority lists seven fixed routes named for Apple Valley on its routes page, including Route 41 to the Victor Valley Transportation Center, Route 43 to Victor Valley College, Route 49 to the Victor Valley mall and Route 23 to Lucerne Valley, plus Route 15 to San Bernardino and Route 15X to Cal State San Bernardino. Timetables change; check the current schedule.
Rail today means Amtrak. The Southwest Chief stops daily at the Victor Valley Transportation Center in Victorville, with San Bernardino the next stop toward Los Angeles, per the station article on Wikipedia; the nearest Metrolink stations are in San Bernardino and Lancaster. Rail tomorrow means Brightline West, which describes a 218-mile electric high-speed line from Las Vegas to Rancho Cucamonga with stations in Apple Valley and Hesperia on its project site. The Victor Valley station is planned at the north end of town beside I-15 at Dale Evans Parkway, with an opening targeted for 2029 according to the station's Wikipedia article. Treat it as a project under construction, not a service you can ride.
Local employment reduces the commute question for many households. The town's largest employers in its 2020 financial report, as summarized in the Apple Valley Wikipedia article, were the school district, St. Mary Medical Center and the Walmart distribution center. Big Lots closed its 1.35-million-square-foot Navajo Road distribution center in 2024 during its bankruptcy, per IE Business Daily, while new logistics buildings continue in the north-end specific plan area. The county-run Apple Valley Airport at 21600 Corwin Road, built in 1970 with a 6,498-foot main runway, is a general-aviation field, not an airline airport.
05 / Daily life
The town's own history booklet, Historical Points of Interest in Apple Valley, traces the modern community to 1946, when Long Beach oil partners Newton T. Bass and Bud Westlund formed the Apple Valley Ranchos Land Company and marketed the area as a resort and residential community. The Apple Valley Inn opened on Thanksgiving Day 1948, Roy Rogers leased it in the 1960s, and the Rogers family made the town home; both Roy Rogers and Dale Evans are buried at Sunset Hills Memorial Park, and State Route 18 through town carries the name Happy Trails Highway. Incorporation followed on November 28, 1988, after Measure K passed with 10,683 yes votes to 2,117, and the town motto remains A Better Way of Life.
Parks are spread across the town rather than concentrated. The town's parks page lists eleven named parks and facilities with addresses, among them Civic Center Park at 14999 Dale Evans Parkway with the aquatic center, the Horseman's Center at 24320 Highway 18 for equestrian users, Lenny Brewster Sports Center, James A. Woody Community Center, Thunderbird Park, Mendel Park and Sycamore Rocks Park. Parks are open dawn to dusk under the municipal code. Across the Mojave River, the county's Mojave Narrows Regional Park at 18000 Yates Road offers year-round fishing on two lakes, equestrian trails, disc golf and RV and tent camping.
South of town, Deep Creek Hot Springs in the San Bernardino National Forest is a well-known hike, and a place to be careful. The springs' Wikipedia article summarizes Forest Service warnings that the water is not safe to drink, that the hot pools harbor the amoeba Naegleria fowleri, and that the shortest access is about two miles each way. Enjoy it as a day trip with that in mind rather than as a backyard amenity.
Shopping runs along Bear Valley Road, where Jess Ranch Marketplace at 18805 to 18901 Bear Valley Road includes a Cinemark theater, and the Victor Valley mall and big-box corridor continue west into Victorville. Health care is anchored by Providence St. Mary Medical Center at 18300 Highway 18. Water service comes from Liberty Utilities rather than the town, and sewer from the town through the regional wastewater authority where lines exist.
The wooden train trestle over the Mojave River at Rock Springs Road in Apple Valley, photographed in 2019. The river is dry at the surface most of the year.
06 / Selling
Apple Valley buyers compare across the Victor Valley, so a listing here competes on lot utility, condition and the honesty of its systems disclosures. Redfin's report for the three months ending August 2026 shows a median of 52 days on market, four fewer than a year earlier, with 272 sales in August against 260 the year before, and describes homes selling at around list price. That is a market that rewards accurate pricing and punishes the aspirational number with a price reduction a month later.
Preparation starts with the things a desert inspection finds: roof age, HVAC, water heater, irrigation and well or septic systems where they exist. Gather the sewer or septic records, the Liberty Utilities account history and any permits for additions, barns, workshops and arenas, because the 1980s tract stock and the rural parcels both accumulate improvements over decades and an appraiser will separate permitted from unpermitted work. If the home has solar, assemble the ownership or lease paperwork early; a financed system that must transfer slows an escrow. In a gated 55-plus community, request the association's current documents before listing so the buyer's lender review does not stall the sale.
Disclosure carries the weight here. Say what you know about neighboring industrial uses near the north end, the airport, flood-zone status near the river washes, water and sewer arrangements and any special assessments on the tax bill. Justin Tye's team lists and sells across the High Desert; its Apple Valley record is in the next section. A valuation starts with your address, lot and condition, not a townwide median.
Get your Apple Valley home value
Tell us about your property through the home-selling page, or start with the home-valuation tool before an address-specific conversation.
07 / Why Justin
Justin Tye's team has closed 39 confirmed Apple Valley transactions in its 2008 to 2026 ledger, spanning listings and buyer representation on tract homes, acreage and gated-community resales. That record is team and office scope, deduplicated by date and address, and it is evidence of local experience rather than a market-share claim. The team's High Desert work runs alongside its Inland Empire, Orange County and Los Angeles County business, which matters for a seller whose likely buyer is moving up the pass.
What that experience buys you is specific: pricing against real Apple Valley closings rather than valley averages, knowing how appraisers handle acreage, equestrian improvements and manufactured homes here, and understanding the association paperwork that gated 55-plus resales require. Read the Justin Tye profile and the client reviews, then ask for the comparable sales that fit your parcel.
Street | ZIP | Closed | Sold price | Represented |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Pauhaska Road | 92308 | February 2024 | $485,000 | Seller |
Rimrock Road | 92307 | May 2022 | $580,000 | Buyer |
Tude Road | 92307 | April 2022 | $425,000 | Seller |
Cedar Court | 92308 | April 2022 | $250,000 | Seller |
Mana Road | 92307 | April 2022 | $510,000 | Seller |
Wichita Road | 92307 | March 2022 | $365,300 | Seller |
Jicarilla Road | 92307 | March 2022 | $325,000 | Seller |
Phoenix Road | 92308 | March 2022 | $379,900 | Seller |
The eight most recent qualifying Apple Valley closings from the team's ledger, deduplicated by date and address, with the side represented. Prices are the recorded closed prices at the time of each sale, not current values, and no client-identifying detail is shown.
Call or text (949) 381-8581, send us your Apple Valley question, or browse Apple Valley homes. Justin Tye | CA DRE# 01728694.
08 / Questions
For a buyer who wants land, a detached house and a quieter setting at a price well under the county median, yes, provided the commute works. Redfin's median sale price was $434,712 for the three months ending August 2026, 77.3 percent of housing units are single-family detached per the Department of Finance, and the base residential lot is 18,000 square feet. The tradeoffs are the drive through Victorville to I-15, private water service, partial sewer coverage and a housing stock that is mostly thirty-plus years old.
Apple Valley's median sale price of $434,712 (Redfin, three months ending August 2026, all home types) sits well below the California Association of Realtors county median of $522,370 for existing single-family homes in August 2026. The two figures use different methods and property scopes, so treat the gap as a rough level comparison. Price per square foot in the town was $236 in the same Redfin report.
Because the zoning requires it. The base single-family zone sets an 18,000-square-foot minimum, the estate zones require three quarters of an acre or one acre, and the rural and agricultural zones require two and a half to five acres, according to a summary of the town's Development Code. The pattern dates to the 1946 Apple Valley Ranchos subdivision plan and the town's incorporation in 1988 to protect it. Verify the zone for any specific parcel with the town.
Water comes from Liberty Utilities, a private company regulated by the state, not from the town; the town's eminent-domain case to acquire the system was returned to the Court of Appeal by the California Supreme Court on August 24, 2026 and remains unresolved. Sewer is a town service through the regional wastewater authority, but the 2021 Housing Element draft states that sewer is not available throughout the town and that some central parcels are not connected. Confirm both for the specific address.
Apple Valley Unified School District, a unified transitional-kindergarten-through-twelfth-grade district with Apple Valley High School and Granite Hills High School, plus the Academy for Academic Excellence charter. Attendance is assigned by address through the district's school site locator and can change. Spring Valley Lake, outside the town, is served by Victor Valley Union High School District instead.
Both are age-restricted, gated communities with their own occupancy rules, so the answer depends on the association's current age requirements and exceptions rather than on the town. Jess Ranch has 2,120 residences built from 1985 to 2002 and Solera at Apple Valley about 1,700 homes built from 2004 to 2018. Read the CC&Rs, rules and age policy, and confirm them with the association before you rely on an exception.
By car, west on State Route 18 or Bear Valley Road, or across the Yucca Loma Bridge, to Interstate 15 in Victorville, then south through the Cajon Pass. There is no freeway in the town and no Metrolink in the Victor Valley; Amtrak's Southwest Chief stops in Victorville, and Brightline West's planned Victor Valley station at Dale Evans Parkway is targeted for 2029. Drive your route at your real hour before deciding.
Start with recent closed sales of similar age, size and lot in the same zoning, adjusted for condition, permitted improvements, water and sewer arrangements and any association or special-assessment obligations, then check the competing active listings a buyer will see the same week. The current Redfin report shows homes selling at around list price after a median 52 days, which rewards accurate pricing. Ask for an address-specific comparison rather than applying the townwide median.
Deep Creek Hot Springs in the San Bernardino National Forest south of Apple Valley, photographed by Levi Clancy in 2012. The pools are on federal land outside the town, and the water is not safe to drink.
Get your Apple Valley home value
Continue with the Inland Empire guide, compare neighboring Adelanto and Victorville, browse the full neighborhood directory, or use the Apple Valley home search to focus on current options. Buyers new to the process can start with the first-time buyer tips and the mortgage calculator.
Prepared for JustinTye.com. Research reviewed September 16, 2026. Market period: three months ending August 2026, Redfin all home types; county figure August 2026, California Association of Realtors existing single-family homes. Population and housing counts are California Department of Finance estimates as of January 1, 2026; housing-age figures are 2014-2018 American Community Survey data as reported in the town's 2021 Housing Element draft. Native provider statistics and nearby-school information above are separate from the dated sources and address-specific guidance in this article. Photographs identify local places and do not depict current listings.
Photography: view from the Hilltop Inn by Beyond My Ken (2019, CC BY-SA 4.0, hero); hillside homes by Andre Corboz (CC BY-SA 4.0); backyard view by Horst Weiner (2014, CC BY-SA 3.0); statue of Trigger by Adam Jones (2012, CC BY-SA 2.0); Mojave River trestle by Beyond My Ken (2019, CC BY-SA 4.0); Deep Creek Hot Springs by Levi Clancy (2012, CC BY-SA 4.0). Images cropped, resized and compressed without scene alteration.